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It is narrated on the authority of Umar ibn al-Khattab
who said: I heard the Messenger of God say:
“All actions are judged by motives, and each person
will be rewarded according to their intention. Thus, he whose migration was to
God and His Messenger, his migration is to God and His Messenger; but he whose
migration was for some worldly thing he might gain, or for a wife he might
marry, his migration is to that for which he migrated.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari,
Saheeh Muslim)
Background
This hadeeth is indeed one of the greatest and most
important of the sayings of Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of
God be upon him, as it sets one of the most important principles in the
religion of Islam, specifically in regards to the acceptance one’s religion and
deeds by God, and generally to all other normal every day activity in which a
person involves himself. This principle is that in order for any action to be
accepted and thus rewarded by God, it must be done purely for his sake. This
concept is often called “sincerity to God”, but the most exact meaning would be
“purity of intention”.
At one of the stages of the life of the Prophet, God
ordered all the Muslims to migrate from Mecca to the newborn Islamic state of Medina. In this hadeeth, the Prophet gave an example of two types of people in regards to
this religious service of migration:
·
The first example was that of the person who
migrated to Medina purely for the sake of God, seeking His Pleasure and seeking
to fulfill His command. The Prophet stated that the deed of this type of
person will be accepted by God and he will be rewarded in the fullest.
·
The second example was of a person who fulfilled
this religious service outwardly, but his intention was not the pleasure of God
nor fulfilling His Command, and so this type of person, although he may achieve
what he was intending in this life, will not receive reward for it from God,
and the deed is not one which is considered acceptable.
In Islam, there are two realms to a person’s life, the
religious and the mundane. Although there is a clear separation between the
two in regards to religious jurisprudence, they are in fact inseparable, as
Islam is a religion which legislates in matter family, society and politics as
well as the belief and worship of God. Thus, although this saying of the
Prophet appears to apply to the religious aspect of a persons’ life, it
actually applies to both.
Purity of Intention in the Religious Realm
As mentioned earlier, this hadeeth sets the first
principle for one’s deeds to be accepted by God, which is that they should be
done purely for God. In regards to those deeds which have been commanded as a
form of religious devotion, known as worship, one must do them for God Alone,
for it is God who commanded the service or deed to be done and loves it. These
deeds include the likes of prayer, (Salah), Fasting, the offering of the
Compulsory Charity (Zakah), the performance of the Lesser or Grater Pilgrimage
to Mecca (Umrah and Hajj), and all other service which have been ordained in
the religion. Even though the deeds may appear outwardly, as in this hadeeth,
to be one accepted, of pivotal importance is the intention which the person has
when performing them.
A person who directs any of these or other religious
service to other deities other than or alongside God will never be accepted,
and one who commits this heresy is deemed as committing the greatest sin
against God, polytheism: to associate others with God in those things which are
specific to Him. Islam is a religion which believes and practices true and
strict monotheism. This monotheism not only entails that that there is only
One Sole God and Creator, but also that this God has the right that all worship
and acts of deed be done solely for His sake and none else. This concept is
once which God ordered all His Prophets to preach, as He says in the Quran:
“And they were not commanded except that they should worship God,
keeping the religion pure for Him, and worship none but Him Alone, and
establish the Prayer and offer the Compulsory Charity, and that is the upright
religion.” (Quran 98:5)
Here we see that even though a person may seem to be
performing acts of devotion and worship to God outwardly, if they associate any
other being in this worship, whether they be angels, prophets, or righteous
people, then this deed is not accepted by God. Moreover, they fall in to the
great sin of polytheism.
Another aspect of this purity of intention is that a
person should never seek any worldly gains through religious service and acts
of worship, even if that worldly gain be something permissible. In the hadeeth
mentioned above, the second person did not perform this religious obligation of
migration for other deities besides or alongside God, nor did he intend
something intrinsically evil. Rather his intention was something deemed
permissible in the religion. Still, however, the act was not accepted by God,
and the person may or may not have received what he intended from this worldly
life. Thus, if a person seeks any permissible worldly gain though an action,
the reward of the deed diminishes.
If a person desires something deemed as impermissible by
Islam from religious service and worship, this is considered as a sin. Islam
is a religion which encourages humbleness and selflessness, reprimanding those
who seek praise of others and status in this worldly life. Thus, if one seeks
the praise of others through religious service and worship, not only is it not
accepted by God, but the person is deemed liable for punishment in the afterlife.
The Prophet mentioned the first people to be sentenced to the Hellfire in the
afterlife, and from them is the following:
“A person learned [religious] knowledge and taught
it [to others], as well as reciting the Quran. He will be brought [to the presence
of God], and God will mention to him all the favors he granted him, and he
recognized them. God will ask him, ‘What did you do with them?’
He will answer, ‘I learned [religious] knowledge
and taught it [to others], and I recited the Quran purely for Your sake.’
God will say, ‘You have lied! Rather you learned
[religious] knowledge to be called a scholar, and you recited the Quran to be
called a recitor, and it was said of you!’ Then it was commanded [to punish]
him. So he was dragged on his face and he was thrown into the Fire.” (an-Nasa’i)